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A urinary tract infection or UTI is an infection of any portion of the urinary tract. If it affects kidneys, it is called pyelonephritis; if it affects the bladder-which is more common- it is called cystitis. UTI is usually caused by bacteria from the anus entering the urethra and spreading to the bladder. This leads to inflammation because they have shorter urethras; women tend to develop bladder infections more than men.  Other UTI risk factors include infrequent urination, kidney stones and enlarged prostate n men, all of which can cause stasis or stagnation of urine inside the bladder providing a fertile breeding environment for bacteria.

To treat uncomplicated cases of cystisis, the patient usually prescribed just a short three-day course of antibiotics and advised to increase fluid intake. Longer antibiotic treatment courses are usually prescribed for elderly patients, men and patients with diabetes other chronic conditions or recurrent infections. Patients with pyelonephritis almost need to be hospitalized and given intravenous antibiotics.